Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds form when positive and negative ions share electrons and form an ionic bond. The strong attraction between positive and negative ions often produce  crystalline solids that have high melting points. Ionic bonds form instead of covalent bonds when there is a large difference in electronegativity between the ions. The positive ion, called a cation, is listed first in an ionic compound formula, followed by the negative ion, called an anion. A balanced formula has a neutral electrical charge or net charge of zero. Determining the Formula of an Ionic Compound A stable ionic compound is electrically neutral, where electrons are shared between cations and anions to complete outer electron shells or octets. You know you have the correct formula for an ionic compound when the positive and negative charges on the ions are the same or cancel each other out. Here are the steps for writing and balancing the formula: Identify the cation ( the portion with a positive charge). It is the least electronegative (most electropositive) ion. Cations include metals and they are often located on the left-hand side of the periodic table.Identify the anion ( the portion with a negative charge). It is the most electronegative ion. Anions include halogens and nonmetals. Keep in mind, hydrogen can go either way, carrying either a positive or negative charge.Write the cation first, followed by the anion.Adjust the subscripts of the cation and anion so the net charge is 0. Write the formula using the smallest whole number ratio between the cation and anion to balance charge. If the charges of the cation and anion are equal (e.g., 1/-1, 2/-2, 3/-3), then combine the cation and anion in a 1:1 ratio. An example is potassium chloride, KCl. Potassium (K) has a 1- charge, while chlorine (Cl-) has a 1- charge. Note that you do not ever write a subscript of 1.If the charges on the cation and the anion are not equal, add subscripts as needed to the ions to balance the charge. The total charge for each ion is the subscript multiplied by the charge. Adjust the subscripts to balance charge. An example is sodium carbonate, Na2CO3. The sodium ion has a 1 charge, multiplied by the subscript 2 to get a total charge of 2. The carbonate anion (CO3-2) has a 2- charge, so there is no additional subscript.If you need to add a subscript to a polyatomic ion, enclose it in parentheses so it is clear the subscript applies to the entire ion and not to an individual atom. An example is aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3. The parenthesis around the sulfate anion indicates three of the 2- sulfate ions are needed to balance 2 of the 3 charged aluminum cations. Examples of Ionic Compounds Many familiar chemicals are ionic compounds. A metal bonded to a nonmetal is a dead giveaway that youre dealing with an ionic compound. Examples include salts, such as table salt (sodium chloride or NaCl) and copper sulfate (CuSO4). Compound Name Formula Cation Anion lithium fluoride LiF Li+ F- sodium chloride NaCl Na+ Cl- calcium chloride CaCl2 Ca2+ Cl- iron(II) oxide FeO Fe2+ O2- aluminum sulfide Al2S3 Al3+ S2- iron(III) sulfate Fe2(SO3)3 Fe3+ SO32- Ionic Compound Formulas

Voltaires Candide Through My Present Day View Essay

The world as I see it is not perfect. In this present day and age there are some people that like to believe that god created a beautiful planet, but I believe the devil should receive some credit for its creation also. One of the world’s greatest satires, Candide by Voltaire, some characters feel the same way that I do. However others do not. Martin, a skeptic thinks this is not â€Å"the best of all possible worlds† (â€Å"Candide†102), as Dr. Pangloss would say. My present worldview is more close to the view of the eighteenth century character Martin, in the book Candide. Martin, an old philosopher who embarked with candide shows strong pessimistic views. Candide is pretty much a follower and is not a very intelligent man. He looks up to Dr.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Candide8). This is one of the experiences that candide goes trough that makes it hard to believe that this was the best of all possible worlds, as Pangloss constantly assures him. Pers onally, I would accept this situation. This world is plagued with pestilences of great measure. I have had friends die of diseases and I just accept the fact that it happens. Earlier Candide falls in love with a woman named Cunegonde. Cunegonde dies, but comes back later on in the book. From meeting with Pangloss, Candide learns that Cunegonde died earlier. In a situation like that I would react as Candide did. However, death is a part of life. Sadly, in real life people just don’t come back a couple of weeks later. I have had many friends and family die, and I know how that feels. Later on in the book, in France (Candide XXII), Candide cheated on Cunegonde while she was supposedly sick in a hotel. It turned out that the woman in the bed was not Cunegonde. If I were in a scenario like that, where I am faced with a chance to cheat on a woman I loved I probably would not do it. I have cheated on various girlfriends before, but I hardly loved any of them. That is how messed up this world is. In Europe, Candide ran in a guantlet in Bulgaria. He was beat countless times by men. This situation shows how he is a follower, and a foolish man for going through something harmfull for no reason. â€Å"Instantly they fettered him, and carried him away to theShow MoreRelatedThe s Candide And The Old Woman Arrive Of Cadiz, And Of Their Embarkation1422 Words   |  6 PagesVoltaire’s Candide, or Optimism is widely regarded as a work of the enlightenment period and offers a satire on philosophy, religion and current events (of the time). This essay aims to provide an analysis of Chapter 10: In what distress Candide, Cunà ©gonde and the old woman arrive in Cadiz, and of their embarkation. Firstly considering terms of context this essay will look at the way knowledge of philosophy and attitudes towards women illuminate the readers understanding of the passage. SecondlyRead MoreComparsion of Voltaire and Gronniosaw ´s Philosophy Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough Voltaire and Gronniosaw are similar in that their quest for enlightenment and individuality, they are also very different. Candide is a philosophical satirical novel that ingeniously shakes the misinterpre tation of doctrinal optimism. Whilst A Narrative of the Life of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw written by himself, (For the purpose of this essay, ‘A Narrative.’) is an autobiographical, and spiritual account of Gronniosaw’s Journey. This essay will look at the narrative techniques andRead MoreSatire in Candide by Voltaire Essay example1474 Words   |  6 PagesSatire in Candide by Voltaire Voltaire who was a French writer, philosopher and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment is known as one of the greatest satirist ever. Voltaire wrote about important genres: tragedy, history, philosophy and fiction just as his English contemporary Samuel Johnson. 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The philosopher Pangloss, Candides tutor, insists that they live in the best of all possible worlds and maintains that view through variousRead More A Comparison of a Hobbsian World and the World of Candide2234 Words   |  9 PagesThe Disparity between a Hobbsian World and the World of Candide    In an anarchistic Hobbsian world, man leads a purely selfish existence, perpetually waging war against his fellow men.   In this world Nature subsists as a playing field for evolution: only the strong and cunning survives, and even survival results in life that is nasty, brutish, and short (Hobbes).   However, with restraints (that is, government), a Hobbsian world can blossom into society.   According Read MoreFree Candide Essays : Man s Purpose2279 Words   |  10 PagesMan’s Purpose in Candide One of the main purposes of the Enlightenment was to promote reason and rationalism as a way to improve society and politics. 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The Practical Ways of Spending Money Free Essays

What is better? To spend money Saving and investing your money for the future is one of the most practical things you can do. This is solid advice, but when you do decide to spend your hard earned money it should be spent on something practical, useful, and meaningful to the wellbeing of your existence. So many people either save their money or blow it on worthless crap. We will write a custom essay sample on The Practical Ways of Spending Money or any similar topic only for you Order Now Here are some practical ways to spend your money on something useful: 1. Travel to See the Significant People in Your Life – There may be no better way to spend your money than to use it to nurture and rekindle personal relationships with the most significant people in your life. As time quickly passes, we sometimes forget how essential strong personal relationships are to our mental wellbeing. The older we get the more we need true friends and family to be regular parts of our lives. 2. Hire a Personal Trainer – Your health is your life. Without it, all the success and affluence in the world is meaningless. Committing yourself to a regular exercise routine is one of the best ways to maintain the health of your body and mind. Sometimes it’s hard to tackle this endeavor on your own. Spending money on a knowledgeable personal trainer who can set you on the right course creates priceless results. Make sure you stick with the trainer until you are committed to exercising on your own. 3. Fix What Is Broken – Have you been ignoring your screeching brakes? What about the excessively loud hum from your AC compressor? Or the scratching noise coming from your computer system? Sooner or later these small annoyances will wear down the reliability of the product and you will be left with a completely broken product instead of just a halfway broken one. Use your money wisely to fix and maintain your belongings. 4. Educate Yourself – Use your money to purchase educational courses or books pertaining to your career, or to a miscellaneous topic that interests and intrigues you. Remember, knowledge is power and your brain is the container of that knowledge. There are few options for spending money on something more practical than the development and facility of your brain. 5. Add Value to Your Home – Your home should be your sanctuary, the place on this planet where you feel the most comfortable. Adding value to your home , be it personal value or increased monetary value, is always a practical choice for spending your money. If the additions you make increase your level of comfort for years to come, you win. If they increase the value of the home to a third party someday when you sell, you win. If both occur, you win big. How to cite The Practical Ways of Spending Money, Essay examples

Tax Complexity and Tax Compliance

Question: Discuss about the Tax Complexity and Tax Compliance. Answer: Introduction: From the considered case study, it was gathered that Hillary is famous for mountain climbing and is a taxpayer. Based on Section 393-10 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 it is gathered that presence of service delivery is important for a certain agreement. From the case study, it was evident that the photographs that consisted of stry manuscript as sold by Hillary. It was evident from the case study that Hillary sold few photographs that is aligned with overall story manuscript. For such reasons, certain depicted items were considered being adjudged the personal assets of Hillary. Brent v FCT (1971) 125 CLR 418 case study explained that, for attaining normal income treatment adequate sales goal must be accomplished. Due to this reason, sale of adequate assets must be ensured as Capital Gains Tax (CGT). If personal life story was narrated by Hillary, that will explain the transfer of ownership related with copyright and can be taken into account as CGT conducts. Considering the same, S-15-2 of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 explained that income could not be gathered from any agreement (Saad 2014). Along with the interest charges, the total loan amount is expected to be paid within two years. For this reason, the overall amount paid to the consumers is $4,000 ($40,000 x 5% per year x 2 years).Within such situation, it can be mentioned that there has been a great demand from the part of the parent for the interest amount payment. The consumer considered forfeiting the amount of loan that assumes the need for trading the additional interest income payment. An amount of $4,000 can be collected from assessable income with tax considerations as per the Section 6 subsection (5) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 in the form of interest income. Considering the same, Section 6 Subsection 5 explained that ordinary income includes a great amount of money (Tran-Nam, Evans and Lignier 2014). The capital gain or loss, which becomes available from sale of building, is gauged in consideration to point that takes place from the building sale is calculated relied on the points are mentioned under: Land acquisition date: Case study about Hillary explained that on 20th September 1985 was the date on which purchase of a property took place. Considering the same, such property sale falls under CGT asset category that considers property sale accountable to CGT taxation (Eccleston and Warren 2015). The calculation of CST was conducted on proper selling of any residential property. Due to the fact, a residential place expected selling price is computed as $320,000 [$800,000 x $60,000/ ($60,000 + $90,000)]. Along with the similar case, Scott has considered CGT calculation with increased help gathered from two important techniques. This also needs to select among the two techniques that can help in reducing payment of tax (Brown, Handley and O'Day 2015).The above points explained that total capital loss or gain from the sale of rental property is explained below: From the aforementioned table, it might be gathered that Scott requires to deal with lower tax payments if the tax payments to experience the discounted method. For such reason, recognition from rental property selling for the tax period will be $130,000 (Daley and Coates 2015). Hillary case study explained that property-selling auction takes place along with carrying out selling of assets. Moreover, the auctions sale price might be deemed as the assets market price. In such scenario, total capital gain can be found out from property sale to its daughter (Richardson, Taylor and Lanis 2013). As per the offered circumstance, it has been anticipated that a company serves as the property owner. For such reasons, capital gain calculation can be carried out by means of indexation technique. In such circumstances, total capital gain can be found after rental property can be $222,945. References: Brown, C., Handley, J. and O'Day, J., 2015. The dividend substitution hypothesis: Australian evidence.Abacus,51(1), pp.37-62. Daley, J. and Coates, B., 2015.Property taxes. Grattan Institute. Eccleston, R. and Warren, N., 2015. The devil is in the detail: the distributional consequences of personal income tax sharing in the Australian federation. Faccio, M. and Xu, J., 2015. Taxes and capital structure.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,50(03), pp.277-300. Gutman, H.L., 2016. The Saga of Unfulfilled Business Income Tax Reform.Temp. L. Rev.,89, p.267. Richardson, G., Taylor, G. and Lanis, R., 2013. The impact of board of director oversight characteristics on corporate tax aggressiveness: An empirical analysis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,32(3), pp.68-88. Richardson, G., Taylor, G. and Lanis, R., 2013. The impact of board of director oversight characteristics on corporate tax aggressiveness: An empirical analysis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,32(3), pp.68-88. Rimmer, X., Smith, J. and Wende, S., 2014. The incidence of company tax in Australia.Economic Round-up, (1), p.33. Saad, N., 2014. Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, pp.1069-1075. Tran-Nam, B., Evans, C. and Lignier, P., 2014. Personal taxpayer compliance costs: Recent evidence from Australia.Austl. Tax F.,29, p.137.

Louis Vuitton free essay sample

Product – In general marketers seeks ‘adequate quality’, ‘faintness of use’ etc. , and too much of quality can be undesirable because it increase the cost. However, ‘LV’ handbags represented ‘products of distinctive qualities’ and ‘attention to details’. In general the concept of ‘relative quality’ is challenged by the ‘absolute quality’ which has forced customers to LV or nothing attitude. To back their products ‘LV’ has taken action against counterfeiting item by ‘Enlightenment Champagne’, involvement of French trademark authorities etc.,make there product defendable. Partnership with local artist and Limited edition products has demonstrated that Product Line up and innovation are very strong parts of ‘LV’ business model in Japan. Price – Market Demands â€Å"Low Price†, this is achieved by reducing costs and off-shoring production to China and elsewhere. Louis Vuitton handbags, on the other hand, are priced high. Such high prices are unnecessary for merely stowing and carrying things. In essence, the Louis Vuitton difference is value, not price—this being absolute value, not relative value. We will write a custom essay sample on Louis Vuitton or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many of the principles for Price were innovations that came about after Kyojiro Hata became president of Louis Vuitton Japan and that subsequently went global. With the Yen getting strong ‘LV’ has reduced the prices between 1 to 4 folds over the course of last 4 – 5 years. This is in my opinion is correct or reliable pricing which earns trust of the customers. Place – In general more distribution channels the company have more sales potential is predicted. However, in case of ‘LV’ – they are selling only from few stores and started online (via web) presence in Japan after the new CEO. The reason being, it’s easy to control few distribution channels then many. Control is the key in the business plan of ‘LV’. Also, as the products are fashion products, which needs lime light, and the availability of prime locations and possibility of having multiple ‘LV’ stores in same vicinity forced the company to have limited distribution channels. Promotion – Surely, it’s not common to see ‘LV’ commercial on TV even at primetime. This is not because ‘LV’ is tight with its advertising budget, but due to the fact that there philosophy is to give in depth details to the customers directly. The most common used advertising medium used by ‘LV’ is print mass media like Fashion magazines etc. Also, considering this fact now we understand why customers are lined up in front of the inaugurating of a flag ship store J Q2. What are the opportunities and challenges for LV in Japan? Ans. SWOT of LV in Japan Strengths · Internationally recognized fashion Brand Image · High quality products achieved high quality control standards · Distribution is company owned · Collaboration with renaund Japanese Artists. Attention to the distribution stores location, layout, architecture etc. | Weaknesses · Very High Reliance on Japanese market · Brand dilution · Challenges in controlling multinational business. | Opportunities · High disposable income of Japanese customers · Solid proportion of middle class.  · Social and Cultural relations with fashion.  · | Threats · Economic downturn and strong Yen against $ and Euro · Competition with other similar luxury brands or low range brands.  · Counterfeiting items · Cyclic nature of the JAP economy. | Q3. How did LV entered the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence? Ans. To me it appears that the entry was well planned by the Vuitton-Racamier family and the management. The rich culture and social habits of women to be distinctively beautiful and show me what have you got attitude was tempting enough. The ‘LV’ opted to go into the market without any local distributers and opening own distribution units and channels. They exported products from France to Japan. ‘LV’ treated Japan as testing grounds of its strategies etc.  and strengthened the brand identity by flawless gigantism architecture of the stores and celebration of Japanese artist in product designer and worldwide launch. Q5. Will LV have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome these challenges? Ans. I believe that just like any other industry ‘LV’ has taken a hit from the economic melt down of last few years. Focusing to Japan, the strengthening Yen is the biggest pain for ‘LV’ as a gift of crisis. Few others are as follows: 1. Negative Price adjustments by competition to gain customers. Low per capita income as Japan is export based economy- mainly to US and now in turmoil less exports to US, $ downgrading. No money to spend on luxury 😉 3. Change in mindset. People are re-evaluating their need of Luxury items. 4. Increase in counterfeited items 2. Overcoming the challenges faced by ‘LV’: 1. Marketing champagnes to educate people about the counterfeited items 2. Paying Royalty to the Brand Loyal customers by some Memberships etc. 3. Dynamic positioning with slightly wider portfolio to meet the demand of below margin customers.

New Product Management Essays

New Product Management Essays New Product Management Essay New Product Management Essay 1. INTRODUCTION Apple has recently decided to launch a new idea by offering home-automation system based on the new iPhone technology, called â€Å"electronic butler†. The company is hoping that, based on the brand’s reputation, the home-automation system will be very well received by the customers. The air conditioning begins cooling, lights adjust to people liking, curtains open and the stereo plays soft, soothing jazz. Home-automation system is a new life experience. The 60s and 70s were the decades of the mainframe, the 80s made up the decade of client-server computing, and the 90s were the Internet years. Now Apple is entering the decade of the home-automation system. The home-automation system will have a good business prospects. COMPANY’S BACKGROUND Apple, founded in 1976 by Steven P. Jobs and Steve Wozniak, is not just the world’s largest technology company; it is the world’s most highly valued public company. Over the last decade, Apple has redefined the music business through the iPod, the cellphone business through the iPhone and the entertainment and media world through the iPad. Although, Apple already boasted the largest market value of any public company, on Aug. 0, 2012, it became the most highly valued public company ever. According to numbers from the World Bank, there are only 18 countries that have a GDP above $500 billion, while Apple’s market cap stands at approximately $506 billion. COMPANY’S MISSION STATEMENT It was widely reported that a famous quote from Steve Jobs in the 1980s was the Apple company mission statement: Man is the creator of change in this world. As such he should be above systems and structures, and not subordinate to them. The official mission statement on the Apple corporation website, however, is not really a mission statement at all, but rather a list of products and past accomplishments. â€Å"Apple designs Macs, the best personal computers in the world, along with OS X, iLife, iWork and professional software. Apple leads the digital music revolution with its iPods and iTunes online store. Apple has reinvented the mobile phone with its revolutionary iPhone and App Store, and is defining the future of mobile media and computing devices with iPad. †(3) Technology services to the life. I would say that the Apple’s mission statement is in accordance to the new product they want to bring into the market. New product’s purpose is to offer very good quality services that improve the lives of the world’s consumers. 2. OPPORTUNITY ANALYSIS POTENTIAL SIZE OF THE MARKET Apple Inc. s success selling consumer gadgets has pushed its share price above $500, cementing its place as the U. S. s largest company, with a market capitalization of $475 billion. Home-automation system is based on the company’s new technology and iPhone, such a large sales and market share will bring new product a good potential size of the market. COMPETITION Apple is pursuing a broad differentiation strategy. Apple differentiates by offering high-quality, exceptional design, and personalized service. The scope of their strategy is broad targeting customers ranging from unsophisticated beginner users to specials needs power-users. Home-automation system is a new market and area, Apple intends to differentiate itself from the competitors by offering brand new home-automation system service that most competitors are not currently offering. Apple can use the new technology and the contact between the system and iPhone to increase competitive advantage. Apple had $127. 8 billion in sales during the 2012 calendar year, putting it neck-and-neck with Hewlett-Packard, the nations largest tech company by revenue. This year, Apple is on pace to become the biggest technology company in the world, measured by revenue, outpacing current global No. 1 Samsung. These two companies are the main competitors of Apple. (1) COMPANY’S RESOURCES Apple’s most important resources and capabilities are Steve Jobs, the CEO, and the integrated system of hardware and software that the firm has developed and successfully marketed to derive value. While Apple’s designers, programmers, and engineers each represent key resources the ability of the firm to exploit their abilities to create their entire software/hardware ecosystem is the firm’s key capability. (1) The Apple stores have provided the company with an important physical presence to act as both a sales location and an advertisement. The stores allow Apple to ightly control the image of the brand and provide excellent customer service. Apple tops many retailers in in-store sales, generating $4,032 per retail square foot per year, beating other retailers like Tiffany Co. at $2,666 and Best Buy at only $930. This is a great display platform for the new product. A good product needs professional design and production. Apple’s incredible industrial des ign capability is a function of their innovative design teams, led by Jonathan Ive, senior vice president of industrial design, and the firm’s prioritization of design and outsourced production. CORPORATE POLICY The new service needs a good social environment. Although companies worldwide are facing the possibility of restrictive carbon emissions regulation, Apple is uniquely positioned to lead the electronics industry in promoting ‘green’ production, while taking full advantage of opportunities arising from new technological trends and sociocultural preferences concerning the fully-integrated, mobile digital lifestyle. (3) 3. SWOT ANALSIS AND OBJECTIVES S. W. O. T. ANALYSIS Strengths: Relationship with OEMs Apple has outsourced all of its manufacturing processes to OEM partners in China, like Foxconn and Hon Hai Precision Industry while focusing on design internally. * Apple store – New product needs a nice sale place. The Apple stores have provided the company with an important physical presence to act as both a sales location and an advertisement. * Industrial Design Capability Apple’s incredible industrial design capability is a function of t heir innovative design teams, and the firm’s prioritization of design and outsourced production. 2) Weakness: * Price Having premium products means that those products can be expensive for many consumers. The expensive of products is a major turnoff for consumers who are looking for a product of minimal quality standards. The new product needs to control the price. Opportunities: * International Expansion – Apple’s product sales all over the world, it will bring a large market for new product. Strong international presence and expansion should increase growth and profits. New Home-automation system is a new service for the market and customer, it can also extends to new office automation technology. Threats: * Global Slowdown A global slowdown or recession will hurt all companies, but mostly those whose products sell in economies that experience the worst declines. Especially multinational corporations like Apple. * Currency Volatility As the US dollar chang es in value, this creates uncertainty in contract negotiations. If the dollar were to change after a contract was signed, then one party to the contract would lose out on gains and the other party would win. . MARKETING OBJECTIVES Home-automation system’s main and most important objective is to establish a new, effective, and has not been developed over market, while increasing Apple’s brand awareness. REFERENCE 1. scribd. com/doc/24134877/Strategic-Analysis-of-Apple-Inc-Brian-Masi 2. wikiwealth. com/swot-analysis:aapl 3. Apple Inc. Apple and the Environment Apple Inc. , 2009. Web, 28 Nov. 2009. apple. com/environment/news/. New Product Management

Planning question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Planning question - Essay Example The First Cellnatian Five Year Plan has been in existence for over four decades. This means that not only the country is new but that its infrastructure and its plans are in its developmental stages. It has, however, been in the trade business for centuries so that as an entity it has existed although under the wing of Great Network. Cellularnet had a baseline it could either emulate or restructure given their idiosyncrasies. Given that there are three ethnic groups: Cellchatters, Celltexters, and Cellsurfers they tend to live in harmony. The Cellchatters live in traditional villages and work in agriculture; the Celltexters dominate the economy; and, the Cellsurfers are comprised of professionals and skilled workers that work in the plantations. The country’s revenues are US$30.6 billion and its expenditures are US$36 billion. Its public debt is 42 percent of the GDP which is $308.8 million and its per capita is $12,709. Their unemployment rate is 3.5 percent and its population is below the poverty line at 18 percent. Within their social structure in 2000, 88.6 percent of the homes had an improved water source in the urban area while in the rural area it was 78.1 percent. This means that they had reasonable access (at least 20 litres a person a day from a source within a kilometre of the dwelling) to an adequate amount of water from an improved source (household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, rainwater collection). Sanitation improved as well, 80.8 percent in the urban area and 53.9 percent in the rural area (vendors, tanker trucks, unprotected wells and springs). The healthcare system in Cellularnet has a hierarchical or a pyramidal structure. The village health stations are the backbone of the Cellularnet Primary Health Care System (PHCS) and they serve between 10000 to 20000 people (please check these figures, or is it 100000 to 200000?). Health care is offered according to

Interaction between Information Systems (ISIT) and business strategies Essay

Interaction between Information Systems (ISIT) and business strategies in an Banking organisation - Essay Example The study will use case studies where a sample size of 10 banks will be randomly selected in London and used for the purpose of study. For data collection, face to face interview will be conducted with the general manager and the IS manager of these banks. An observational check list will be used to collect information to assess the effectiveness of the model in each bank. Data will be collected over a period of one month. The data collected will be analyzed using simple analytical means of percentages, means and deviation and later subjected to regression analysis. The study will assume that the sample selected will be a representative of the whole population and that researcher will secure appointments with the managers. With the world turning to a global village, the world financial sector is under pressure to catch up with the new developments. Having been a conservative economic sector confined to their indigenous areas of operation, banks are facing pressure with increasing competition. Many banks have resulted to expansion strategies in order to serve their customers wherever they travel in this dynamic world. This has posed a challenge to many banks in terms of coordination of its services. Many other banks have resulted to mergers in order to have an international presence. Ideally, all banks have resulted to expansion strategy in one way or another. Due to large area of operation, banks have been faced with a problem of coordinating all their braches or merger partners. Banking industry has been in the front line in embracing the ever changing face of information system in order to coordinate their services well. But at the same time, many banks have found that embracing information systems may not stream line their services as intended. They have found information system has come up with its own woes. In some banks it has been found to be too expensive, cumbersome and creating a lot of inconveniences. It has lead to a lot of frauds which has led to losses to many financial institutions. This research aims at investigating how banks are implementing their information system, the reason for turning to information system, and the challenges they are facing in implementation of the strategy. The research hopes to compare information systems strategies in different banks to show models which have succeeded and which have failed in order to provide banks with resource material which they can refer if they want to implement a new IS strategy or to upgrade their existing one. Statement of the problem Many financial institutions have found it difficult to keep up with the changing demand of the banking sector in wake up of globalization. They have been faced with numerous challenges in streamlining their operations and relationship with their customers. Having resulted to new strategies using IS, many of them have found that the systems are not that efficient and they are faced with the same problem of efficiently. Purpose of the study The study aims at proving a critical comparison of different IS models that are being used in the banking sector today to provide resources information for the banking sector on the most efficient models as it will have studied. It aims at giving

Italian Renaissance Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Italian Renaissance Art - Essay Example Neo-Platonism seeks the existence or relation of the ideal or The One in the human life. This is what renaissance artists such as Botticelli, Leonardo, Raphael and Michelangelo are trying to depict through allegories in their art. Botticelli, to start with, was one of the early artists to reflect neo-Platonism in his works. He used symbols and figures from pre-Christian beliefs to convey neo-Platonist ideas. Take one of his paintings for example, the Primavera which translates as spring. This painting includes nine figures from Classical mythology. On the center is Venus coupled with Cupid. On their right are Zephyr, Chloris and Flora and on the left are Mercury and the three graces. The figures on the right represent the coming of spring, nature and its beauty. In contrast to that are the figures on the left which represent reason and the pleasures of human life. These are two different points which harmonizes on the center figure. Being a prime mover of neo-Platonism in art, Botticelli’s techniques are yet to be developed. The symbols he portrayed are literal and, for the educated and elite, too obvious. But even at this point he has already defined the essentials for neo-Platonism, the fusion nature and grace. Then came Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael. They both relate ideas in their own way. Leonardo focused on structure and Raphael on evoking emotions. Leonardo is known on our time as an inventor and a scientist, and these qualities can be seen through his art. He was a master of proportions, shading, depth and ways of making his work look â€Å"real†. Even outside of the standard of beauty as long as his work looks alive, for him, achieves the harmony of neo-Platonism. Raphael took it further by involving and evoking emotions through his paintings. He was also interested with philosophy which shows that he is an artist as a scholar. This is seen on School of Athens which shows Plato and Aristotle along with other philosophers. On this painting, Plato is seen pointing heavenward explaining the facts of the universe while Aristotle points downward stating the society and the views of the world. Both of them are supervised by the statues of Apollo and Minerva, ensuring truth and wisdom respectively. Towards the end of the renaissance there came the meeting point of pagan beliefs and the Christian cultures. This was when Michelangelo lived and experienced neo-Platonism as a whole. Not as visual parts nor as philosophical representations but as its entirety. But this also meant the end for neo-Platonism for Michelangelo accepted spirituality towards the end. His representations and the transition can be seen on the paintings on the Sistine chapel. On the earlier paintings like The Creation of Adam, his interest on the beauty and elegance is apparent. His poetry also reflects his belief in the divine origin of beauty. But through time and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, Michelangelo lost his interest in physical beauty and no longer believed in its representation of spiritual excellence. Later painting shows more Christian representation loosing detail and grace. He eventually fully lost his interest and decided to no longer paint becoming guilty of his love for physical beauty. In a way this was the end of neo-Platonism for Italian renaissance art. 2. The common denominator among Della Francesca, Alberti and Mantegna are their contribution to the perspective aspect of renaissance paintings. Each has professions other than being artist and this variety of expertise made the development possible. Della Francesca, aside from being an artist, was a mathematician. He studied and wrote books which involved arithmetic, algebra and geometry. One of his books is the On Perspective for Painting. He also made innovations on solid or three-dimensional

Effectiveness Of Salt Versus Oral Mouthwash Biology Essay

Effectiveness Of Salt Versus Oral Mouthwash Biology Essay This experiment aims to compare the effectiveness of salt versus oral mouthwash in inhibiting the growth of oral bacteria such as Treponema denticola, Fusospirochetes, Porphyromonas gingivalis and so on. These are chosen as subjects of experiment as they cause Periodontal Disease or Gingivitis among people. Finding a solution to prevent the growth of these disease-causing bacteria will help solving the problem.[10] Salt or Sodium Chloride is an ionic compound bonded together by ionic bond between Sodium ion and Chloride ion. Table salt is a processed salt where it is used as a condiment and food preservation. Salt is currently mass-produced by evaporation of seawater. It is also proved to provide medicinal effects. For example, people often heal wounds using salt solution and it is good against infections as it reduces inflammation of wounds. Moreover, researches nowadays have proven salt can bring about an effect in inhibiting the growth of bacteria. This is why people often use a cup of water with two tablespoons of edible salt as mouthwash. Nevertheless, salt solution can be used to treat sore throats. Salt is considered antibacterial because it creates no wet condition for bacteria to grow in. In other words, salt is very good at dehydrating and absorbing water from anything it comes contact with. Salt solution does not kill the bacteria but it inhibits the growth of them. Therefore, it is considered as bacteriostatic.[9][12] Mouthwash is a product made for enhancing oral hygiene. Some brands of mouthwash claim that they can help to kill bacteria causing gingivitis and bad breath. Anti-cavity mouth rinse uses fluoride compound to protect against tooth decay. A person has to gargle the mouthwash without the need of brushing and flossing teeth. Besides, mouthwash can also help removing mucus and food particles which are situated down in the throat. This product is bactericidal where it kills bacteria which are found in mouth. Active ingredients  in commercial brands of mouthwash can include  thymol,  eucalyptol, menthol,  chlorhexidine gluconate,  benzalkonium chloride,  cetylpyridinium chloride,  methylparaben,  hydrogen peroxide,  domiphen bromide  and sometimes  fluoride,  enzymes, and  calcium. Ingredients also include water, sweeteners such as  sorbitol,  sucralose,  sodium saccharin, and  xylitol. However, there is some evidence which shows that mouthwash contributes to oral cancer. This is shown by a literature review by McCullough and Farah from 2008 published in the  Dental Journal of Australia.[13][14] Oral hygiene is very important to prevent dental problems and bad breath. One of the common ways to practise oral hygiene is tooth brushing. Some people may use oral mouthwash to kill the disease-causing bacteria situated inside the mouth. One of the common disease regarding oral hygiene is Gingivitis. Gingivitis is a term used to describe non-destructive  periodontal disease. Gingivitis is often caused by types of bacteria stated above. Bacteria activity caused by these microorganisms can lead to severe effects including refractory periodontitis and acute necrotizing gingivitis, resulting in bone resorption and tooth loss. Gargling with oral mouthwash is effective but the price is expensive. Furthermore, it is not always available at any outlets all the time. Practising to gargle with salt water is a convenient method to keep the oral cavity clean. Table salt can be easily obtained from any outlets and the price is far cheaper than any oral mouthwash. One thing good about salt is it does not cause side effects as no artificially made chemicals are contained within it. But how does the effectiveness vary compared to commercial oral mouthwash?[15] Experimental Hypothesis : There is a significant difference for the effectiveness of commercial mouthwash in inhibiting oral bacteria compared to salt solution of concentration greater than or equal to 0.4moldm-3. Null Hypothesis : There is no significant difference for the effectiveness of commercial mouthwash in inhibiting oral bacteria compared to salt solution of concentration greater than or equal to 0.4moldm-3. Variables : Manipulated variable : Types of antibacterial solution Responding variable : Number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar Fixed variables : Temperature of incubation period, contents of nutrient agar, type of bacteria cultured, time taken for gargling mouthwash. Apparatus : Bottles of inoculum, work table, sterilised petri dishes, micropipette, 1000ml conical flask, Bunsen burner, incubator, 100ml beaker, electronic balance, 250ml volumetric flask, filter funnel, dropper, stopper, bio-hazard waste bin. Materials : Sterilised cotton buds, sterilised distilled water, distilled water, commercial mouthwash B, disinfectant, tissue papers, Dettol solution, gloves, teats of micropipette, nutrient agar solution, aluminium foil, solid Sodium Chloride. Planning Two trial experiments were conducted in overall. The first trial experiment was carried out to determine which commercial mouthwash is the best in inhibiting the growth of oral bacteria. The commercial mouthwash which has the highest inhibition rate will be compared to salt solution. Three types of commercial mouthwash namely A, B and C were used. Three sterilised petri dishes were obtained. A swab sample was taken before gargling the commercial mouthwash. This was tagged as before to indicate the number of bacteria colony found in nutrient agar before commercial mouthwash was used and acted as a control. Three human subjects were volunteered to gargle each type of commercial mouthwash. This was assuming that the number of oral bacteria in every person is the same. After gargling three types of commercial mouthwash for 10 seconds, three swab samples were obtained from every subject. The bacteria were cultured and platted and the number of bacteria colony found on agar was counted. Al l sterilised petri dishes were then placed in an incubator for a week. The result showed that commercial mouthwash B has the highest bacterial inhibition rate. Types of commercial mouthwash Number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar Control 7 A 4 B 1 C 2 Table 1.1 : The number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar with respective commercial mouthwash used. The second trial experiment was done to determine the time taken to gargle commercial mouthwash B in order to obtain the maximum inhibition rate. In other words, this trial was carried out to choose a suitable period of gargling mouthwash. Five sterilised petri dishes were obtained. Four types of gargling period had been chosen in this trial which were 5, 10, 15 and 20 seconds. Four human subjects were volunteered to gargle for every period of time. Commercial mouthwash B was used as it gave the highest rate of bacterial inhibition from the first trial conducted. A swab sample was obtained before the trial proceeded. This was labelled as before to indicate the number of bacteria colony found in nutrient agar before gargling commercial mouthwash B and acted as a control. Every human subject was ordered to gargle commercial mouthwash B with the respective period of time chosen earlier. After gargling, four swab samples were obtained from each subject. The trial was again assuming that the amount of oral bacteria in every person is the same. The bacteria was cultured and platted and the number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar was counted. All sterlised petri dishes were then placed in a incubator for a week. The result showed that a period of 10 seconds to gargle commercial mouthwash B has the highest bacterial inhibition rate. Time taken to gargle commercial mouthwash B / seconds Number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar 0 8 5 5 10 2 15 2 20 2 Table 1.2 : The number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar with respective period of time to gargle commercial mouthwash B. Real Experimental Procedures Preparing salt solution of various concentrations Mass of an empty 100ml beaker was weighed using an electronic balance. For 0.1M salt water, 1.4625g of solid Sodium Chloride (NaCl) was weighed. The weighed solid was then dissolved in the 100ml beaker using distilled water. The solution was poured into a 250ml volumetric flask using a filter funnel. The beaker and filter funnel were rinsed with distilled water and added into the volumetric flask. Distilled water was carefully added into the volumetric flask until the level of solution reached the graduation mark. Dropper was used instead to prevent any exceed above the graduation mark. A stopper was fitted on the mouth of volumetric flask and the solution was shaken carefully. Steps 1 to 8 were repeated by replacing 1.4625g of NaCl with 2.925g for 0.2M, 3.4875g for 0.3M, 5.850g for 0.4M and 7.3125g for 0.5M. Preparing inoculums of bacteria A sterilised cotton bud was used to obtain the swab sample from mouth. The cotton bud was then dipped into a bottle of inoculum containing a quarter volume of sterilised distilled water and labelled as before. The cotton bud was then disposed off. After gargling 50ml salt water with concentration of 0.1M, another swab sample was obtained and dipped into bottle of inoculums containing sterilised distilled water. This was labelled as 0.1M. Step 3 was repeated by replacing 0.1M salt water with 0.2M, 0.3M, 0.4M, 0.5M and commercial mouthwash B. Preparing petri dishes with bacteria Work table was sprayed with disinfectant to kill all the bacteria present. Table was wiped with several pieces of tissue papers. Hands were washed with Dettol solution to ensure no bacteria were found. Gloves were worn on both hands. Three sterilised petri dishes were obtained. A bottle of inoculum (before) was taken. A micropipette was used and calibrated to 200 microlitres. Teat of micropipette was placed at the edge of micropipette. Hands were forbidden to touch the teat so that it would not be contaminated with bacteria. The bottle of inoculum was opened using a hand and the end of micropipette was pressed gently to suck the content of inoculums. The cap of bottle was closed and the content of inoculum was placed in the first petri dish. The lid was opened slightly till the teat can be placed in the petri dish. The end of micropipette was pressed fully to release the sucked content of inoculums. The teat was then expelled into a bio-hazard waste bin. Same procedures were repeated for second and third petri dishes. Steps 6 to 13 were repeated by replacing bottle of inoculum (before) with bottle labelled 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M, 0.4M, 0.5M and commercial mouthwash B. Preparing bacterial lawn Nutrient agar solution was poured into a 1000ml conical flask. The solution was left to cool down for several minutes. After several minutes, the mouth of conical flask was heated with a Bunsen burner. This was done so that the aluminium foil could be capped on the mouth of conical flask for sterilising purpose. The mouth of conical flask was placed gently at a petri dish. The culture solution was poured into the petri dish until it was one-third full. This process is known as platting. Aluminium foil was capped back on the mouth of conical flask. The petri dish containing bacteria and agar solution was swirled gently by pressing and moving the petri dish on the table. The petri dish was left on the table for 10 minutes. This was done to ensure that the culture solution is solidified. Steps 1 to 7 were repeated for every petri dishes. All petri dishes were inverted and stored in an incubator for a week. After one-week incubation period, all petri dishes were observed for bacterial activity. Risk Assessment A complete aseptic procedure was used throughout the experiment. The work table was sprayed using a disinfectant to kill all the foreign bacteria present. Hands were washed with Dettol solution and gloves were worn so that I would not be infected by the bacteria when having a meal. Sterilised petri dishes were used because it contained only the oral bacteria when experiment was carried out. This was important to maintain the validity of results obtained. Sterilised distilled water was also used to make sure only oral bacteria were cultured. Teats of the micropipette were disposed off into a bio-hazard waste bin because they were contaminated with bacteria and could possibly infect other people. Disposing off the teats will solve the problem. The lid of petri dish was opened slightly when introducing bacteria into the petri dish. This was done to prevent any foreign bacteria in the lab to grow and reproduce in the petri dish containing agar solution. Distilled water was used to prepar e various concentrations of salt solution to make sure no other impurities would affect the concentration or molarity of the solution. The electronic balance was tarred to reset the reading value before weighing a specific mass of solid Sodium Chloride. Dropper was used to prevent any exceed above the graduation mark of volumetric flask when dilution was carried out. Mouth of conical flask was heated with Bunsen burner to ensure no contamination from other bacteria. Aluminium foil was capped back on the mouth of conical flask to prevent any foreign bacteria from entering the conical flask. At the end of the experiment, all petri dishes were sent for autoclaving for disposal purpose. Results Types of antibacterial solution Number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar 1stReading 2ndReading 3rdReading Mean Value Control 7 6 8 7.0 0.1M Salt Water 9 6 5 6.7 0.2M Salt Water 8 5 7 6.7 0.3M Salt Water 6 5 7 6.0 0.4M Salt Water 3 2 3 2.7 0.5M Salt Water 2 1 1 1.3 Commercial Mouthwash B 1 0 2 1.0 Table 1.3 : Number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar with respective types of antibacterial solution used. Keys : 1st reading was obtained from first petri dish. 2nd reading was obtained from second petri dish. 3rd reading was obtained from third petri dish. Graph 1.1 : Bar chart of mean number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar against types of antibacterial solution. Statistical Analysis There is no significant difference for the effectiveness of commercial mouthwash in inhibiting oral bacteria compared to salt solution of concentration greater than or equal to 0.4moldm-3. The calculated U-values are more than the Ucrit value which is zero at 5% significance level. The null hypothesis is not rejected as the U-values are not lower than Ucrit value. Therefore, null hypothesis is accepted and the experimental hypothesis is rejected. There is insufficient evidence to state that there is a significant difference for the effectiveness of commercial mouthwash in inhibiting oral bacteria compared to salt solution of concentration greater than or equal to 0.4moldm-3. 0.4M salt solution Rank Commercial mouthwash B Rank 3 5,5 0 2 1 3.5 1 1 2 5.5 1 3.5 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœRank sample 1 14.5 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœRank sample 2 6.5 Table 1.4 : Calculations for Mann-Whitney Test. Formulae for calculating U-values : U1 = n1n2 + n1(n1+1) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœRank sample 1 2 U2 = n1n2 + n1(n1+1) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœRank sample 2 2 Keys : n1 = size of the sample 1 (0.4M salt solution) n2 = size of the sample 2 (Commercial mouthwash B) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœRank sample 1 = total rank of sample 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœRank sample 2 = total rank of sample 2 Calculations of U-values for both samples U1 = (3)(3) + (3)(3+1) 14.5 = 0.5 2 U2 = (3)(3) + (3)(3+1) 6.5 = 8.5 2 Significance level = 5% Value of Ucrit according to table = 0 Data analysis From the experiment conducted, it is shown that the mean number of bacteria colony found in nutrient agar due to commercial mouthwash B is lower than other salt solutions with various concentrations. When the concentration of salt solution is less than 0.4moldm-3, there is a large difference for the mean number of bacteria colony found between commercial mouthwash B and salt solution. The result changes when concentration of salt solution increases to 0.4moldm-3 where there is only a small difference for the mean number of bacteria colony found in nutrient agar. Commercial mouthwash B and salt solution are proven for inhibiting growth of oral bacteria. The number of oral bacteria found in mouth will drop significantly after gargling because antibacterial solutions kill or prevent the bacteria from growing. The most suitable method to find out the effect of antibacterial solution on the growth of oral bacteria is to count the number of bacteria colony found on nutrient agar after gargling the solutions. The results obtained are compared with the number of bacteria colony found before gargling the solutions which acts as a control. Temperature of incubation is set constant at 36.9oC where it represents the exact body temperature of a human body.[3] Commercial mouthwash B contains an active ingredient namely Chlorhexidine gluconate. It has both bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms of action. It is a type of cell membrane agent. It disrupts the structure of cell membrane, causing the rigidity of the cell membrane to be broken down. This active chemical binds onto lipopolysaccharides, situated at outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, disrupting the structure lipid bilayer consisting of phospholipids. When the fluid lipid bilayer is broken down, cell organelles and metabolites no longer bordered by cell membrane. Loss of metabolites results in death of a bacterium.[1][6] Salt solution has a different mechanism in inhibiting growth of oral bacteria. Every microorganism needs an aqueous environment to thrive in. In low concentration of salt solution, the surrounding environment is hypotonic. The solute concentration remains higher than the surrounding solution. Oral bacteria have the ability to pump in ions with the energy comes from ATP by respiratory enzyme found in mesosomes. This ion pump moves ions from surrounding solution into the body of oral bacteria. There is water potential from surrounding solution to the cytoplasm of oral bacteria. Water moves into the cell by osmosis and this gives an aqueous environment which is favourable for oral bacteria to grow and reproduce. At high concentration of salt solution, the solute concentration in the surrounding solution is greater than the cytoplasm of oral bacteria. This is because the ion pump cannot keep up to pump in more ions efficiently. There is water potential from cytoplasm of bacteria to surro unding solution. Water moves out from cell by osmosis. Oral bacteria are dehydrated and eventually die within a minute. [5][7][8] However, there is a difference in mean number of bacteria colony found when different antibacterial solutions are used. The difference is mainly because active ingredient in commercial mouthwash B kills the bacteria and they can no longer reproduce again. When salt solution is used, bacteria may move away from the solution which has high solute concentration. Bacteria are not killed and may have the chances to reproduce again. Sample number 75% lake water 50% lake water 25% lake water 10% lake water Distilled water Sea water 183 162 154 95 32 10 8 185 24 20 16 4 1 1 186 33 38 29 2 0 2 187 266 247 109 16 3 5 187 224 214 125 17 11 7 188 290 285 146 41 8 14 Table 1.4 : number of bacteria found in respective water sample.[16] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC545388/pdf/jbacter00775-0012.pdf) From the above data, it was an experiment conducted Dr.Claude E. Zobell and D. Quentin Anderson to investigate the number of bacteria found in different water sample. It can be seen that the number of bacteria colony decreased tremendously when the bacteria were cultured in a sample of sea water. Sea water has a high concentration of salt which will provide a high solute concentration compared to cytoplasm of oral bacteria. The difference from my data and theirs will be discussed in the evaluation section. Evaluation There are a few limitations found in this experiment. Contamination may occur when introducing bacteria into the petri dish. Foreign bacteria found in the air may enter the petri dish and reproduce in the nutrient agar. This was inevitable because lamina floor was broken down and could not be used for this experiment. A known species of a bacterium cannot be used as it is not available in the lab. Therefore, swab samples were obtained and these contained a mixture of bacteria as stated above. Experiment cannot be conducted only on a type of bacterium. Besides, nutrient agar solution may not be sterilised completely as the autoclave machine in the lab was broken down and spare parts were not available by that time. Therefore, nutrient agar solution was sterilised using a pressure cooker. This caused other foreign bacteria to survive and reproduce in the nutrient agar. The period of incubation chosen is a week because the bacteria cultured from swab samples are low in number. This requ ires a longer period for bacteria to grow and reproduce. The human subjects involved may not gargle the antibacterial solutions in a correct way. This will affect the validity of data obtained during observation. Lastly, the genetic makeups of bacteria found in swab samples are not known. This could not be prevented as a specific strain of bacterium was not recognised. As a result, some of the bacteria may have mutated and probably resistant to the antimicrobial solutions. The results obtained will be affected. These are the reasons why the findings are different from this experiment and experiment conducted by Professor above. The experiment can be modified by using a known strain of bacterium. This will increase the validity of data significantly. Moreover, different type of nutrient agar which is favourable for oral bacteria to grow can be used. This will cause the bacteria to grow and reproduce faster than expected. Thus, results can be obtained earlier. Furthermore, nutrient agar solution can be sterilised with an autoclave machine so any foreign bacteria present will be killed. Conclusion There is no significant difference for the effectiveness of commercial mouthwash in inhibiting oral bacteria compared to salt solution of concentration greater than or equal to 0.4moldm-3. Null hypothesis is accepted. Source Evaluation Source 1, 2 and 3 are published books thus the information are reliable. Sources 4 to 8 are journals. They are written by scientists all around the world and these are obtained from Science Direct webpage. Therefore, it is trustable. All the information should be factual and accurate. Source 9 and 16 are websites containing journals as well. Its journals are well-known and most of them are written by famous scientists. Sources 10,11,12,13 and 15 are websites of Wikipedia. Most of the data and information obtained here have citations and they are partially reliable and valid. Source 14 is the official website of Australian Dental Association. The information contained here is mainly about the effect of chlorhexidine. It is very reliable. Therefore, it should not contain any biased points based on arguments made.

sleep :: essays research papers

Relationship between Sleep Habits and Personality Types Researchers have studied the relationship between sleep habits and stress, personality and stress coping, and personality and sleep habits. One factor that has been widely overlooked is the relationship between sleep habits and personality types. The purpose of this study is to examine a relationship between personality types and sleep habits. Evidence also shows that there is a relationship between personality and sleep. A study conducted by the director of the Sleep Assessment and Advisory Service at the University of Surrey in England, Chris Idzikowski, proclaimed that one’s sleep position is related to personality. Individuals of different personality types were observed and catorgized as having one of six common sleep positions. The results showed that individuals who slept in the fetal position were shy and sensitive; flat on the back with arms down were quiet and reserved; on the side with arms and legs outstretched were suspicious; on the side with legs outstretched and arms down were social and easy going; flat on the stomach with hands at the side of the head were brash and gregarious; and on the back with arms and legs outstretched were unassuming and good listeners. (Idzikowski, 2003) Evidence shows that there is a relationship between the way individuals cope with stress and their sleep habits. Dr. Avi Sadeh conducted a study on students between the ages of 22 and 32 years, where the sleep patterns of the individuals were monitored by actigraphs and daily logs during low-stress and high-stress periods. The low-stress periods were those of regular academic schedules, while the high-stress periods were when the students were applying to graduate schools. Finding those "who tended to focus on their emotions and anxiety during the high-stress period were more likely to shorten their sleep, while those who tended to ignore emotions and focus on tasks extended their sleep and shut themselves off from stress." (Sadeh, 2004) . Another study examined the effects of personality on sleep patterns under stressors. Subjects between the ages of 21-33 years were monitored for three nights by polygraph recordings of their sleep. The individuals were broken into two separate groups based in psychological tests. The first group used active stress coping mechanisms, causing very little change in their sleeping patterns. The second group used non-adaptive coping mechanisms, causing their sleep structures to change significantly in response to stress. The study showed that individuals of different personalities have different sleep patterns due to the way the cope with stress. sleep :: essays research papers Relationship between Sleep Habits and Personality Types Researchers have studied the relationship between sleep habits and stress, personality and stress coping, and personality and sleep habits. One factor that has been widely overlooked is the relationship between sleep habits and personality types. The purpose of this study is to examine a relationship between personality types and sleep habits. Evidence also shows that there is a relationship between personality and sleep. A study conducted by the director of the Sleep Assessment and Advisory Service at the University of Surrey in England, Chris Idzikowski, proclaimed that one’s sleep position is related to personality. Individuals of different personality types were observed and catorgized as having one of six common sleep positions. The results showed that individuals who slept in the fetal position were shy and sensitive; flat on the back with arms down were quiet and reserved; on the side with arms and legs outstretched were suspicious; on the side with legs outstretched and arms down were social and easy going; flat on the stomach with hands at the side of the head were brash and gregarious; and on the back with arms and legs outstretched were unassuming and good listeners. (Idzikowski, 2003) Evidence shows that there is a relationship between the way individuals cope with stress and their sleep habits. Dr. Avi Sadeh conducted a study on students between the ages of 22 and 32 years, where the sleep patterns of the individuals were monitored by actigraphs and daily logs during low-stress and high-stress periods. The low-stress periods were those of regular academic schedules, while the high-stress periods were when the students were applying to graduate schools. Finding those "who tended to focus on their emotions and anxiety during the high-stress period were more likely to shorten their sleep, while those who tended to ignore emotions and focus on tasks extended their sleep and shut themselves off from stress." (Sadeh, 2004) . Another study examined the effects of personality on sleep patterns under stressors. Subjects between the ages of 21-33 years were monitored for three nights by polygraph recordings of their sleep. The individuals were broken into two separate groups based in psychological tests. The first group used active stress coping mechanisms, causing very little change in their sleeping patterns. The second group used non-adaptive coping mechanisms, causing their sleep structures to change significantly in response to stress. The study showed that individuals of different personalities have different sleep patterns due to the way the cope with stress.